Understanding cause-effect relationships between variables is of primary interest in many fields of science. The standard method for determining such relationships uses randomized controlled ...

Many observational studies aim to make causal inferences about effects of interventions or exposures on health outcomes. This course defines causation, describes how emulating a ‘target trial’ can ...

Viral social media posts claiming a celestial "smiley face" will appear on Christmas are false. The "smiley face" illusion is an optical effect caused by the alignment of a crescent Moon and two ...

Mary Hall is a editor for Investopedia's Advisor Insights, in addition to being the editor of several books and doctoral papers. Mary received her bachelor's in English from Kent State University with ...